For this to work, a loader has to be able to tell the difference between
an ‘old’ and a ‘new’ binary. This is achieved via a repurposing of ELF’s
e_flags field. We previously tried to use the padding in e_ident for it,
but binutils was resetting it to zero in e.g. strip.
This introduces one new ELF flag for cosmopolitan binaries. It is called
`EF_APE_MODERN`. We choose 0x101ca75, "lol cat 5".
It should now be safe to install the ape loader binfmt registration with
the `P` flag.
Commit bc6c183 introduced a bunch of discrepancies between what files
look like in the repo and what clang-format says they should look like.
However, there were already a few discrepancies prior to that. Most of
these discrepancies seemed to be unintentional, but a few of them were
load-bearing (e.g., a #include that violated header ordering needing
something to have been #defined by a 'later' #include.)
I opted to take what I hope is a relatively smooth-brained approach: I
reverted the .clang-format change, ran clang-format on the whole repo,
reapplied the .clang-format change, reran clang-format again, and then
reverted the commit that contained the first run. Thus the full effect
of this PR should only be to apply the changed formatting rules to the
repo, and from skimming the results, this seems to be the case.
My work can be checked by applying the short, manual commits, and then
rerunning the command listed in the autogenerated commits (those whose
messages I have prefixed auto:) and seeing if your results agree.
It might be that the other diffs should be fixed at some point but I'm
leaving that aside for now.
fd '\.c(c|pp)?$' --print0| xargs -0 clang-format -i
Somehow or another, I previously had missed `BUILD.mk` files.
In the process I found a few straggler cases where the modeline was
different from the file, including one very involved manual fix where a
file had been treated like it was ts=2 and ts=8 on separate occasions.
The commit history in the PR shows the gory details; the BUILD.mk was
automated, everything else was mostly manual.
At least in neovim, `│vi:` is not recognized as a modeline because it
has no preceding whitespace. After fixing this, opening a file yields
an error because `net` is not an option. (`noet`, however, is.)
- Every unit test now passes on Apple Silicon. The final piece of this
puzzle was porting our POSIX threads cancelation support, since that
works differently on ARM64 XNU vs. AMD64. Our semaphore support on
Apple Silicon is also superior now compared to AMD64, thanks to the
grand central dispatch library which lets *NSYNC locks go faster.
- The Cosmopolitan runtime is now more stable, particularly on Windows.
To do this, thread local storage is mandatory at all runtime levels,
and the innermost packages of the C library is no longer being built
using ASAN. TLS is being bootstrapped with a 128-byte TIB during the
process startup phase, and then later on the runtime re-allocates it
either statically or dynamically to support code using _Thread_local.
fork() and execve() now do a better job cooperating with threads. We
can now check how much stack memory is left in the process or thread
when functions like kprintf() / execve() etc. call alloca(), so that
ENOMEM can be raised, reduce a buffer size, or just print a warning.
- POSIX signal emulation is now implemented the same way kernels do it
with pthread_kill() and raise(). Any thread can interrupt any other
thread, regardless of what it's doing. If it's blocked on read/write
then the killer thread will cancel its i/o operation so that EINTR can
be returned in the mark thread immediately. If it's doing a tight CPU
bound operation, then that's also interrupted by the signal delivery.
Signal delivery works now by suspending a thread and pushing context
data structures onto its stack, and redirecting its execution to a
trampoline function, which calls SetThreadContext(GetCurrentThread())
when it's done.
- We're now doing a better job managing locks and handles. On NetBSD we
now close semaphore file descriptors in forked children. Semaphores on
Windows can now be canceled immediately, which means mutexes/condition
variables will now go faster. Apple Silicon semaphores can be canceled
too. We're now using Apple's pthread_yield() funciton. Apple _nocancel
syscalls are now used on XNU when appropriate to ensure pthread_cancel
requests aren't lost. The MbedTLS library has been updated to support
POSIX thread cancelations. See tool/build/runitd.c for an example of
how it can be used for production multi-threaded tls servers. Handles
on Windows now leak less often across processes. All i/o operations on
Windows are now overlapped, which means file pointers can no longer be
inherited across dup() and fork() for the time being.
- We now spawn a thread on Windows to deliver SIGCHLD and wakeup wait4()
which means, for example, that posix_spawn() now goes 3x faster. POSIX
spawn is also now more correct. Like Musl, it's now able to report the
failure code of execve() via a pipe although our approach favors using
shared memory to do that on systems that have a true vfork() function.
- We now spawn a thread to deliver SIGALRM to threads when setitimer()
is used. This enables the most precise wakeups the OS makes possible.
- The Cosmopolitan runtime now uses less memory. On NetBSD for example,
it turned out the kernel would actually commit the PT_GNU_STACK size
which caused RSS to be 6mb for every process. Now it's down to ~4kb.
On Apple Silicon, we reduce the mandatory upstream thread size to the
smallest possible size to reduce the memory overhead of Cosmo threads.
The examples directory has a program called greenbean which can spawn
a web server on Linux with 10,000 worker threads and have the memory
usage of the process be ~77mb. The 1024 byte overhead of POSIX-style
thread-local storage is now optional; it won't be allocated until the
pthread_setspecific/getspecific functions are called. On Windows, the
threads that get spawned which are internal to the libc implementation
use reserve rather than commit memory, which shaves a few hundred kb.
- sigaltstack() is now supported on Windows, however it's currently not
able to be used to handle stack overflows, since crash signals are
still generated by WIN32. However the crash handler will still switch
to the alt stack, which is helpful in environments with tiny threads.
- Test binaries are now smaller. Many of the mandatory dependencies of
the test runner have been removed. This ensures many programs can do a
better job only linking the the thing they're testing. This caused the
test binaries for LIBC_FMT for example, to decrease from 200kb to 50kb
- long double is no longer used in the implementation details of libc,
except in the APIs that define it. The old code that used long double
for time (instead of struct timespec) has now been thoroughly removed.
- ShowCrashReports() is now much tinier in MODE=tiny. Instead of doing
backtraces itself, it'll just print a command you can run on the shell
using our new `cosmoaddr2line` program to view the backtrace.
- Crash report signal handling now works in a much better way. Instead
of terminating the process, it now relies on SA_RESETHAND so that the
default SIG_IGN behavior can terminate the process if necessary.
- Our pledge() functionality has now been fully ported to AARCH64 Linux.
This change fixes Cosmopolitan so it has fewer opinions about compiler
warnings. The whole repository had to be cleaned up to be buildable in
-Werror -Wall mode. This lets us benefit from things like strict const
checking. Some actual bugs might have been caught too.
If you build a static ELF executable in `ld -q` mode (which leaves rela
sections inside the binary) then you can run it through the elf2pe.com
program afterwards, which will turn it into a PE executable. We have a
new trick for defining WIN32 DLL imports in C without any assembly code.
This also achieves the optimally tiny and perfect PE binary structure.
We need this because it isn't possible to have a GNU ld linker script
generate a PE file where the virtual pointer and the file pointer can
drift apart. This post-linker can do that. One cool benefit is we can
now use a smaller 512-byte alignment in the file, and an even bigger
64kb alignment for the segment virtual addresses, and the executable
ends up being smaller.
Another program introduced by this change is pecheck.com which can do
extensive linting of PE static executables to help explain why Windows
won't load it.
This change addresses everything from stack smashing to %SYSTEMROOT%
breaking socket(). Issues relating to compile.com not reporting text
printed to stderr has been resolved for Windows builds.
This change also incorporates more bug fixes and improvements to a wide
variety of small things. For example this fixes#860 so Windows console
doesn't get corrupted after exit. An system stack memory map issue with
aarch64 has been fixed. We no longer use O_NONBLOCK on AF_UNIX sockets.
Crash reports on Arm64 will now demangle C++ symbols, even when c++filt
isn't available. Most importantly the Apple M1 version of APE Loader is
brought up to date by this change. A prebuilt unsigned binary for it is
being included in build/bootstrap/. One more thing: retrieving the term
dimensions under --strace was causing the stack to become corrupted and
now that's been solved too. PSS: We're now including an ELF PT_NOTE for
APE in the binaries we build, that has the APE Loader version.
The *NSYNC linked list API is good enough that it deserves to be part of
the C libray, so this change writes an improved version of it which uses
that offsetof() trick from the Linux Kernel. We vendor all of the *NSYNC
tests in third_party which helped confirm the needed refactoring is safe
This change also deletes more old code that didn't pan out. My goal here
is to work towards a vision where the Cosmopolitan core libraries become
less experimental and more focused on curation. This better reflects the
current level of quality we've managed to achieve.
The build/bootstrap/ar.com program is now tinier. This change reduces
its size from 140kb to 53kb. Nothing was traded away. Cosmopolitan Ar
performance is now 2x better than llvm-ar largely thanks to using the
copy_file_range() system call. This change homebrews a new allocation
API that addresses the shortcomings of the C standard library design.
Using these new balloc() and reballoc() functions I managed to reduce
memory consumption so much that Cosmpolitan Ar should now use roughly
100x fewer bytes of peak resident memory compared to llvm-ar. Correct
behavior with better compatibility has been assured. Binary output is
now pretty much bit-identical to llvm-ar, as of this change. This can
and should be the living proof we need to show that a better world is
possible for software.
- Found some bugs in LLVM compiler-rt library
- The useless LIBC_STUBS package is now deleted
- Improve the overflow checking story even further
- Get chibicc tests working in MODE=dbg mode again
- The libc/isystem/ headers now have correctly named guards
This change takes an entirely new approach to the incremental linking of
pkzip executables. The assets created by zipobj.com are now treated like
debug data. After a .com.dbg is compiled, fixupobj.com should be run, so
it can apply fixups to the offsets and move the zip directory to the end
of the file. Since debug data doesn't get objcopy'd, a new tool has been
introduced called zipcopy.com which should be run after objcopy whenever
a .com file is created. This is all automated by the `cosmocc` toolchain
which is rapidly becoming the new recommended approach.
This change also introduces the new C23 checked arithmetic macros.
- Work towards improving non-optimized build support
- Introduce MODE=zero which is -O0 without ASAN/UBSAN
- Use system GCC when ~/.cosmo.mk has USE_SYSTEM_TOOLCHAIN=1
- Have package.com check .privileged code doesn't call non-privileged
Garbage collection will now happen on arm64 when a function returns,
rather than kicking the can down the road to when the process exits.
This change also does some code cleanup and incorporates suggestions
This change greatly reduces the number of modules that need to be
compiled. The only issue right now is that sometimes when viewing
symbol table entries, the aliased symbol is chosen.
This change implements a new approach to function call logging, that's
based on the GCC flag: -fpatchable-function-entry. Read the commentary
in build/config.mk to learn how it works.
- Implement openpty()
- Add `--assimilate` flag to APE bootloader
- Restore Linux vDSO clock_gettime() support
- Use `$(APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF)` on more programs
- Add GetCpuCount() API to redbean
- Add unix.gmtime() API to redbean
- Add unix.readlink() API to redbean
- Add unix.localtime() API to redbean
- Perfect the new redbean UNIX module APIs
- Integrate with Linux clock_gettime() vDSO
- Run Lua garbage collector when malloc() fails
- Fix another regression quirk with linenoise repl
- Fix GetProgramExecutableName() for systemwide installs
- Fix a build flake with test/libc/mem/test.mk SRCS list
- Document sigaction()
- Simplify New Technology fork() code
- Testing and many bug fixes for mprotect()
- Distribute Intel Xed ILD in the amalgamation
- Turn Xed enums into defines to avoid DWARF bloat
- Improve polyfilling of SA_SIGINFO on BSDs and fix bugs
- setpgid(getpid(), getpid()) on Windows will ignore CTRL-C
- Work around issues relating to NT mappings being executable
- Permit automatic executable stack override via `ape_stack_pf`
- Fix build flakes
- Polyfill SIGWINCH on Windows
- Fix an execve issue on Windows
- Make strerror show more information
- Improve cmd.exe setup/teardown on Windows
- Support bracketed paste mode in Blinkenlights
- Show keyboard shortcuts in Blinkenlights status bar
- Fixed copy_file_range() and copyfile() w/ zip filesystem
- Size optimize GetDosArgv() to keep life.com 12kb in size
- Improve Blinkenlights ability to load weird ELF executables
- Fix program_executable_name and add GetInterpreterExecutableName
- Make Python in tiny mode fail better if docstrings are requested
- Update Python test exclusions in tiny* modes such as tinylinux
- Add bulletproof unbreakable kprintf() troubleshooting function
- Remove "oldskool" keyword from ape.S for virus scanners
- Fix issue that caused backtraces to not print sometimes
- Improve Blinkenlights serial uart character i/o
- Make clock_gettime() not clobber errno on xnu
- Improve sha256 cpuid check for old computers
- Integrate some bestline linenoise fixes
- Show runit process names better in htop
- Remove SIGPIPE from ShowCrashReports()
- Make realpath() not clobber errno
- Avoid attaching GDB on non-Linux
- Improve img.com example
- Python static hello world now 1.8mb
- Python static fully loaded now 10mb
- Python HTTPS client now uses MbedTLS
- Python REPL now completes import stmts
- Increase stack size for Python for now
- Begin synthesizing posixpath and ntpath
- Restore Python \N{UNICODE NAME} support
- Restore Python NFKD symbol normalization
- Add optimized code path for Intel SHA-NI
- Get more Python unit tests passing faster
- Get Python help() pagination working on NT
- Python hashlib now supports MbedTLS PBKDF2
- Make memcpy/memmove/memcmp/bcmp/etc. faster
- Add Mersenne Twister and Vigna to LIBC_RAND
- Provide privileged __printf() for error code
- Fix zipos opendir() so that it reports ENOTDIR
- Add basic chmod() implementation for Windows NT
- Add Cosmo's best functions to Python cosmo module
- Pin function trace indent depth to that of caller
- Show memory diagram on invalid access in MODE=dbg
- Differentiate stack overflow on crash in MODE=dbg
- Add stb_truetype and tools for analyzing font files
- Upgrade to UNICODE 13 and reduce its binary footprint
- COMPILE.COM now logs resource usage of build commands
- Start implementing basic poll() support on bare metal
- Set getauxval(AT_EXECFN) to GetModuleFileName() on NT
- Add descriptions to strerror() in non-TINY build modes
- Add COUNTBRANCH() macro to help with micro-optimizations
- Make error / backtrace / asan / memory code more unbreakable
- Add fast perfect C implementation of μ-Law and a-Law audio codecs
- Make strtol() functions consistent with other libc implementations
- Improve Linenoise implementation (see also github.com/jart/bestline)
- COMPILE.COM now suppresses stdout/stderr of successful build commands
You can now build Cosmopolitan with Clang:
make -j8 MODE=llvm
o/llvm/examples/hello.com
The assembler and linker code is now friendly to LLVM too.
So it's not needed to configure Clang to use binutils under
the hood. If you love LLVM then you can now use pure LLVM.
It turns out adding OpenBSD msyscall() origin verification broke the
--ftrace flag. The executable needs to issue raw syscalls while it's
rewriting itself. So they need to be in the same section, and that's
just plain simpler too.
- Support deterministic stacks on OpenBSD
- Support OpenBSD system call origin verification
- Fix overrun by one in chibicc string token allocator
- Get all chibicc tests passing under Address Sanitizer
It turned out that the linker was doing the wrong with the amalgamation
library concerning weak stubs. A regression test has been added and new
binaries have been uploaded to https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/
Ideally this should be fixed by building a tool that turns multiple .a
files into a single .a file with deduplication. As a workaround for now
the cosmopolitan.a build is restructured to not include LIBC_STUBS which
meant technical debt needed to be paid off where non-stub interfaces
were moved to LIBC_INTRIN and LIBC_NEXGEN32E.
Thank @PerfectProductions in #31 for the report!
A new rollup tool now exists for flattening out the headers in a way
that works better for our purposes than cpp. A lot of the API clutter
has been removed. APIs that aren't a sure thing in terms of general
recommendation are now marked internal.
There's now a smoke test for the amalgamation archive and gigantic
header file. So we can now guarantee you can use this project on the
easiest difficulty setting without the gigantic repository.
A website is being created, which is currently a work in progress:
https://justine.storage.googleapis.com/cosmopolitan/index.html
- Emulator can now test the αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblε bootloader
- Whipped up a webserver named redbean. It services 150k requests per
second on a single core. Bundling assets inside zip enables extremely
fast serving for two reasons. The first is that zip central directory
lookups go faster than stat() system calls. The second is that both
zip and gzip content-encoding use DEFLATE, therefore, compressed
responses can be served via the sendfile() system call which does an
in-kernel copy directly from the zip executable structure. Also note
that red bean zip executables can be deployed easily to all platforms,
since these native executables work on Linux, Mac, BSD, and Windows.
- Address sanitizer now works very well
I wanted a tiny scriptable meltdown proof way to run userspace programs
and visualize how program execution impacts memory. It helps to explain
how things like Actually Portable Executable works. It can show you how
the GCC generated code is going about manipulating matrices and more. I
didn't feel fully comfortable with Qemu and Bochs because I'm not smart
enough to understand them. I wanted something like gVisor but with much
stronger levels of assurances. I wanted a single binary that'll run, on
all major operating systems with an embedded GPL barrier ZIP filesystem
that is tiny enough to transpile to JavaScript and run in browsers too.
https://justine.storage.googleapis.com/emulator625.mp4
